I find landfill chemistry weirdly fascinating, particularly the idea that untold millions of tons of garbage being stored in giant, artificial landforms—or simply buried underground like false geological deposits—might be inadvertently catalyzing chemical processes we neither understand nor know how to stop. I was thus excited to see a long investigation of this topic in Bloomberg last week, led by journalists Laura Bliss and Rachael Dottle.

At the Chiquita Canyon Landfill here in greater Los Angeles, a disquieting smell—not to mention strange medical issues—has been tormenting local neighbors for years. But there is “no simple solution,” we read, “because what’s driving it is something buried beneath the waste: a complex and dangerous chemical reaction whose very nature is in dispute.”

The side-effects of that complex chemical reaction include elevated, sometimes “scorching,” underground temperatures and the production of Dantean landscape scenes above: “In early 2022 a closed section in the landfill’s northwest corner began overheating, eventually reaching temperatures above 200F (93C). That’s nearly 40% hotter than the federal EPA’s standard for landfill operations. As the waste slowly cooked, it belched out toxic gases, elevating nearby levels of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and benzene, which can damage DNA and cause leukemia after enough exposure. Large amounts of leachate (basically, trash juice) built up and bubbled, boiled and even shot into the air like geysers.” The belch as landscape phenomenon.

The article is worth reading in full, and goes into much further depth about all of this. One important point is the potential role played by new types of material waste, including lithium-ion batteries, vape pens, electric toothbrushes, and other electronic goods whose presence might be at least partially to blame for rising subterranean temperatures in landfills across the United States.

But what continues to interest me about this overall problem, and why I’m posting about landfills again, is something more abstract than just waste-management practices or oxygen-content regulations in the disposal industry: we continue to create things we don’t know how to get rid of, objects whose attempted destruction only empowers them and materials whose burial makes them harder to control.

tl;dr: You can now embed any OS from Infinite Mac into your website, from 1984’s System 1.0 through 2005’s Mac OS X 10.4. There’s documentation for customizing and controlling embedded instances programmatically. As a demo of what’s possible, Infinite Monkey hooks up an emulated Mac 128K to OpenAI’s and Anthropic’s computer-using models, letting the technologies of 1984 and 2025 to finally meet. The instigator behind all this was Marcin Wichary, whose recent Frame of preference article is another showcase of the embedding capabilities.

A Kindred Spirit

Marcin’s articles – with their attention to detail and passion that they convey – have always struck a chord with me, whether they’re about underrated fonts or underrated movies. I’ve also appreciated that he strives for interactivity, from his Google Doodles to his Config talks. A few months ago, Marcin approached me about doing a modern take on his GUIdebook site, something with a story to tell and a way for readers to experience the material first-hand. Specifically, he wanted a way to embed emulated Mac instances in an article, ideally in as seamless of a way as possible.

Infinite Mac was already used by sites like Classic Macintosh Game Demos, DiscMaster, and Macintosh Repository to host runnable custom instances. But those were full-screen experiences and, in some cases, required a custom fork of the site. I wanted the experience to be closer to a YouTube or Google Maps embed – a snippet of HTML that’s easy to drop into any site, but still controllable via query parameters. To enable this, I added a new /embed endpoint that’s better suited to iframing. In addition to hiding the screen bezel and other chrome, it lets the embedding site control the screen resolution, get notified of the screen contents changing, and send mouse and keyboard events to the emulated Mac.

To keep embedded instances lightweight, I added an option for auto-pausing when they’re hidden. This uses both in-page (IntersectionObserver) and cross-page (visibilitychange) signals to pause and resume the emulator. Fortunately, I didn’t need to implement pausing in each emulator – instead I hooked into their input-reading loop and used Atomics.wait to cheaply suspend execution until the “paused” bit is cleared.

There were a couple of surprises along the way. First, while Chrome lets SharedArrayBuffer work in iframes (via the allow="cross-origin-isolated" attribute), this is not yet supported in Safari/WebKit-based browsers. That made my 2021-era Safari workaround newly relevant. It mostly worked, but it assumed a single global emulator instance which in Marcin’s tests had the hilarious effect of making every Mac on the page receive the same input. I added per-instance tracking so that each one gets its own event stream.

Second, Marcin noticed his custom disk images loaded much more slowly than the built-in ones. Some of that was due to them bypassing Cloudflare’s cache, but even when that was enabled, they were slower. It turned out that prefetching – added in the earliest days of the site, when all it ran was System 7 – had become even more important for more modern Mac OS versions. They read a lot more data at startup, and being blocked for 50-100ms for each chunk adds up when they need to get through a couple of hundred. Extending the prefetching to remote disks too (and caching these prefetched chunks via the service worker) shaved a lot of time off booting the Mac OS 8.5 and NeXTStep images from Marcin’s article.

I wanted to make embedding as approachable as possible (well, approachable for those interested in computing platforms from 20 to 40 years ago). There is an embed HTML builder that uses a variant of the custom instance dialog to generate the <iframe> markup for a specific instance (a construction set if you will). I also wrote documentation for the query parameters and message events to control the instance and receive state-change notifications.

Making a Demo Site

Marcin’s article is a kind of demo, and I had a crude testbed, but I wanted to more thoroughly dogfood the embedding support. It occurred to me that its capabilities (get screen content updates, send synthetic input events) made it a perfect fit for the computer use models recently launched by OpenAI and Anthropic. Their demos control a Docker container or other remote environment; having something in the browser is both satisfying (nothing to set up) and safe (the emulation sandbox already limits what the model can do).

The Mac actually has a long history of being controlled by another program, thus the Infinite Monkey site was born (as an aside, the original Monkey desk accessory is installed in the System 1.0 image if you’d like to try it out). Hooking it up was relatively straightforward, the useComputer and useChat hooks have the core glue logic. I even had Claude Code write most of the Anthropic glue code. I went with a “bring your own API key” approach – the models are somewhat expensive, and I did not want the donors to foot the bill. This does make it somewhat less accessible (the OpenAI version of the model is only available for Tier 3 accounts, and possibly not even then). The demo video should help those who don’t have access.

The actual experience of letting an LLM drive System 1.0 is a bit like a dog walking on its hind legs – impressive that it works at all, but objectively a bit underwhelming. The models are slow, it’s definitely faster to use the computer yourself (Anthropic’s own documentation calls this out). They also struggle with the UI conventions of older platforms, especially the press-and-hold mechanics of pull-down menus. OpenAI’s model can’t use them at all, since it can only request click and drag actions. Anthropic’s fares better with its separate left_mouse_down and left_mouse_up, but it often tries to click first, even when instructed otherwise.

This is just one possibility, I’m curious what other things could be built using embedded instances. And if there’s a capability that you wish they had, feel free to file an issue suggesting it.

Odds and Ends

I modernized the site’s Cloudflare setup, adopting both static assets and the official Vite plugin. Both worked as advertised: I have less code to maintain, and the local dev experience is closer to production. It was a welcome change from the usual experience on the frontend dependency treadmill.

The auto-pausing work above also suggested how I might implement a speed setting for more machine types. This fulfills a long-standing feature request to allow older software to run more accurately. It’s somewhat amusing that even in this many-layered environment (an emulator compiled to WebAssembly, which is in turn interpreted or compiled to the native platform) some things can be too fast.

Epilogue: Doctor. Manhattan has nothing on me

• It is 2006. I am working on making one website (Google Reader) embeddable in another (Gmail).
• It is 2007. I am working on making one website (Google Reader) embeddable in another (Blogger).
• It is 2008. I am working on making one website (Google Reader) embeddable in another (iGoogle).
• It is 2012. I am working on making any web app (Chrome Apps) embeddable in a host environment (Chrome).
• It is 2017. I am working on making any web app (Live Apps) embeddable in another (Quip documents).
• It is 2020. I am working on making one website (Quip chat) embeddable in another (Salesforce Lightning).
• It is 2021. I am working on making one website (Quip documents) embeddable in another (Slack).
• It is 2022. I am working on making one service (Tailscale SSH) embeddable in another (Tailscale Admin Panel).
• It is 2023. I am working on making one service (Sierra agents) embeddable in any website or iOS app.
• It is 2024. I am working on making one service (Sierra agents) embeddable in any Android app.
• It is 2025. I am working on making one website (Infinite Mac) embeddable in any other.

Fairfax County, VA – Detectives from our Child Exploitation Unit (CEXU) have concluded a months-long operation targeting online predators that led to the arrest of 16 suspects from across North America seeking criminal encounters with minors.

During this operation, CEXU focused on identifying offenders who used online platforms to initiate inappropriate conversations with individuals they believed to be underage. The suspects arrived or prearranged to arrive in Fairfax County with plans to commit sexual acts with minors, only to be met by detectives from both CEXU and the Violent Crimes Suppression Unit. The 16 men, ranging in age from 20 to 65, now face a total of 82 felony charges.

The following suspects were arrested and charged during this operation:

• Joel Dario Santamaria Jara, 28, of Sterling, was arrested and charged with three counts of Solicitation of a Minor and Attempted Indecent Liberties with Children.
• Michael Forsht, 59, of Springfield, was arrested and charged with four counts of Solicitation of a Minor and Production of Child Pornography.
• Alexander William Coughlin, 30, of Bristow,was arrested and charged with Solicitation of a Minor.
• Tranh Duy Nguyen, 20, of Woodbridge, was arrested and charged with Solicitation of a Minor.
• Refujio Deleon, 62, of Roanoke, was arrested and charged with Solicitation of a Minor and Attempted Indecent Liberties with Children.
• Nery Elisio Gonzalez Ordonez, 36, of Springfield, was arrested and charged with Solicitation of a Minor.
• Watcharapong Sapsittikul, 33, of Oakton,was arrested and charged with Solicitation of a Minor.
• Allan Blake Willoughby, 65, of Dinwiddie, was arrested for four counts of Solicitation of a Minor and Production of Child Pornography.
• Dennis Joseph Furey Jr, 50, of Sterling, was arrested and charged with four counts of Solicitation of a Minor.
• Simon Roberts, 40, of Annadale,was arrested and charged with four counts of Solicitation of a Minor and Production of Child Pornography.
• Tommy Varesh, 52, of Canada, was arrested and charged with twelve counts of Solicitation of a Minor, Production of Child Pornography, and Contributing to Delinquency.
• Bacem Megdiche, 26, of Maryland, wasarrested and charged with three counts of Solicitation of a Minor, two counts of Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor and Distribution of Certain Drugs to Persons Under 18 Prohibited.
• Benjamin Scott Heyman, 48, of Herndon,was arrested and charged with twelve counts of Possession/Distribution of Child Pornography (Second or Subsequent), Solicitation of a Minor, Attempted Indecent Liberties with a Minor, and Prostitution/Solicitation of a Minor.
• Nelson Ivan Perez-Villegas, 30, of Maryland,was arrested and charged withSolicitation of a Minor and Attempted Indecent Liberties with a Minor.
• Mario Alexander Bonilla, 49,of Manassas,was arrested and charged withfive counts ofSolicitation of a Minor, two counts of Production of Child Pornography, Eluding, and Resisting Arrest.
• Saboor Anwari, 23, of Fredericksburg,was arrested by Virginia State Police forthree counts of Solicitation of a Minor, three counts of Carnal Knowledge of Child Between Thirteen and Fifteen Years, and Indecent Liberties with a Minor. Anwari is awaiting extradition to Fairfax County.

Parents are urged to closely monitor their children’s online activities and use available security settings to prevent the use of inappropriate sites or platforms. Children should be encouraged to report any person engaging in inappropriate conversations or trying to coerce them into providing sexually explicit images of themselves. Additional internet safety information provided by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children can be found HERE. There are many applications predators use to solicit victims. Parents are encouraged to know what applications their children are using and have open dialog of the dangers they may pose.

Detectives are asking anyone with information regarding these incidents or others with a similar nexus to call our Major Crimes Bureau at 703-246-7800, option 6. Tips can also be submitted anonymously through Crime Solvers by phone – 1-866-411-TIPS (866-411-8477), and by web – Click HERE. Download the ‘P3 Tips’ App “Fairfax Co Crime Solvers.”  Anonymous tipsters are eligible for cash rewards. Please leave contact information if you wish for a detective to follow up with you. 

Click here to watch Chief Davis’ press conference.

Register your camera with Connect Fairfax County to help FCPD solve crimes, locate missing people, and support investigations.

For ongoing updates, please read our blog and follow us on X, Facebook, and Instagram at @FairfaxCountyPD.

The premonition grows. Read here.

“Mastering Machine Learning: From Basics to Advanced” by Govindakumar Madhavan was published in April by Springer Nature. It’s $169 as an ebook, or $219 as a hardback. [Springer, archive]

Retraction Watch heard from a reader who was cited in the book — but his cited papers didn’t … exist. A lot of citations in the book don’t exist. [Retraction Watch]

Retraction Watch asked Madhavan to comment on whether he’d written his book on AI with an AI. Madhavan answered this yes-or-no question as follows:

reliably determining whether content (or an issue) is AI generated remains a challenge, as even human-written text can appear ‘AI-like.’ This challenge is only expected to grow, as LLMs continue to advance in fluency and sophistication.

That’s great, thanks.

Madhavan is the founder and CEO of SeaportAI, which offers services dealing with the risks of AI fraud. [SITE]

The book warns to take care with ChatGPT:

the technology raises important ethical questions about the use and misuse of AI-generated text.

Retraction Watch commenter Peter Vamplew says:

I wouldn’t expect an answer from Springer any time soon. I reported a similar case of a book chapter which contained hallucinated references, including one which it attributed to me which doesn’t match anything I’ve actually written. It’s been 4 months now and I’m still waiting for their investigation to reach a conclusion.

Springer publishes 14,000 books a year with 9,000 employees. Nobody at Springer even looks at the books. Springer concerns itself with the important part — charging $200 for a pile of chatbot spew.

• Video version

An internal Microsoft memo has leaked. It was written by Julia Liuson, president of the Developer Division at Microsoft and GitHub. The memo tells managers to evaluate employees based on how much they use internal AI tools like the various Copilots: [Business Insider]

AI is now a fundamental part of how we work. Just like collaboration, data-driven thinking, and effective communication, using AI is no longer optional — it’s core to every role and every level.

Liuson told managers that AI “should be part of your holistic reflections on an individual’s performance and impact.”

Let’s be clear: this is a confession of abject failure.

Microsoft’s AI tools don’t work. Microsoft AI doesn’t make you more effective. Microsoft AI won’t do the job better.

If it did, Microsoft staff would be using it already. The competition inside Microsoft is vicious. If AI would get them ahead of the other guy, they’d use it.

We already know that when AI saves someone time at work, it’s because they can fob work off onto someone else. Total work doesn’t go down, and total productivity doesn’t go up.

But Microsoft is desperate to sell AI to anyone it can, because the CEO, Satya Nadella, has a bee in his bonnet. Nadella has decreed: everyone will use AI.

Even though it doesn’t work.

We should expect some enterprising Microsoft coder to come up with an automated AI agent system that racks up chatbot metrics for them — while they get on with their actual job.

• Video version