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The VCR’s Last Stand

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It’s pretty much the answer to a trivia question at this point, but there was once a version of VHS that looked better than DVDs. Really.

The VCR’s Last Stand
Today in Tedium: In the late 1990s, it seemed like the future of video was set in stone. Discs were where things were going—and tapes were starting to feel old hat, even if they were more capable of recording things off the screen than a DVD ever was. The VHS tape, which had already survived a format war, needed something fresh to give it a chance in a 21st century world. Simply put, if it was going to stand a chance in a world of DVDs, it needed an upgrade. And so, JVC, the Japanese company that developed the original VHS format, gave it one. It was doomed, but it was better than you might guess. Today’s Tedium ponders the D-VHS. — Ernie @ Tedium

“I was amazed. Visually D-Theater is not just an improvement over DVD. It leaves DVD in the dust, as difficult as that might be for DVD’s growing legion of fans to visualize.”

— Mike Snider, a writer for USA Today, reviewing the D-VHS format in 2002. At the time of the review, the D-VHS format was capable of delivering 1080i-quality video at a time when 480p was the norm in DVD-land. For a couple of years, it was the highest-quality consumer video format in the land.

DVHS example1
Want to record video from a satellite receiver? This was the format for you. (Wikimedia Commons)

Why there should have been a market for D-VHS in the late 1990s

I don’t think it was necessarily a given that we were going to switch to discs. Sure, it became obvious by the turn of the 21st century that DVDs were going to be the film format du jour, holding on even better than Blu-Rays did.

Part of that was inertia. We were already comfortable with DVDs, so why upgrade, even with all the technical advantages that a higher-resolution format had to offer? If you look at the data, Blu-Rays never even came close to topping the DVD market—per CNBC, the peak year for Blu-Rays in the U.S. came in 2013, and was roughly one-seventh of the DVD’s peak year.

In other words, the DVD was more versatile than we gave it credit for, and that helped with its staying power. Perhaps the problem with the Blu-Ray was that it wasn’t different enough—which meant, while it was successful, it was no match for the streaming revolution.

To me, that is the best surface-level explanation why the D-VHS never took off, despite arguably being better than the DVD at all the things people say they care about, like video quality. With D-VHS, VHS format put up a legitimate fight, and it arguably did better than anyone might give it credit for today. But it wasn’t a reinvention, and I think consumers were ready for one.

The one knock against disc-based formats was the very knock D-VHS was well-positioned to knock out. It was able to record video at a high quality. On top of that, it was actually better than DVD at high-definition video, and in its highest-end format, could store as much data as a dual-layer Blu-Ray.

And on top of all that, it was backwards-compatible, meaning that if you had a large collection of VHS tapes already in your library, you could still use them with just one device, limiting entertainment center clutter.

To be clear, this wasn’t JVC’s first go-around with a higher-resolution take on videotape. The company’s W-VHS, released in Japan in 1993, was the first consumer video format capable of displaying images in 1080i, easily the highest resolution available to traditional consumers. But that was still analog. D-VHS was digital, and digital was ambitious.

But when it launched, it certainly felt like an uphill battle. As Popular Mechanics noted in 1998 in an article titled “For Videophiles Only,” it actually came to the market before all the HDTV signals did:

The first digital products included computers and compact disc players. Within the last few years, digital camcorders, DSS (digital satellite systems), and DVD (digital video discs) have burst onto the electronics scene. Next year will bring digital television and high-definition television (HDTV) programming to market, now that the FCC has given final approval of channel allocation to the 1600 or so television stations across the country.

But you don’t have to wait until next year to enjoy the incredible clarity and stunning definition of digital video. You don’t have to wait a year or more to turn on your television and enjoy images totally free of distortion, snow, interference, or picture noise. Trouble is, no television station will be generating these great video images for you in the near future. You’ll have to generate them yourself—from a digital videocassette recorder.

That’s right: At first, its most prominent feature was useless to the average person.

But even if you weren’t recording in digital, D-VHS had the advantage of being a format that could go on for miles. It was possible to record a day and a half of programming on a single tape in its lowest-quality mode—without having to change the player. Plus, for people who wanted to record digital signals from their computer, D-VHS allowed you to do so with another then-emerging technology: Firewire.

Put another way, this was a dream machine for people committed to recording stuff for hours and hours on end, who wanted better quality than you could get out of a standard analog tape.

Some of these people would go to great lengths to get more out of these players. A common hack during the early 2000s was to modify either the tapes or the players, so they could use S-VHS tapes to record in D-VHS players. Because this was a format for nerds, it meant they were willing to go above and beyond to save a little money. Some of those nerds determined that blank D-VHS tapes only differed from S-VHS models because of the placement of a plastic hole.

As one AVS Forum commenter put it in 2003: “Whatever the tape and DVCR manufacturers say, I am convinced this hole is the only difference in the tapes.”

Was the quality of D-VHS good enough to validate this kind of trickery? Let’s go to the tape. The YouTube video archivist ENunn has uploaded dozens of videos of D-VHS captures onto his various YouTube channels, and they feature some of the best quality you’ve probably ever seen when it comes to re-uploaded commercials from 20+ years ago. The above clip, from 2003, would be nothing special if it originated from a PC. But pulled off videotape? It’s nothing short of spectacular.

And it’s all the more impressive in higher resolution, as this 2007 clip from a PBS broadcast was. I don’t think regular people necessarily wanted something like this—we were fine with our recorded-over videotapes, thank you very much—but if you were a video nerd or amateur archivist, this kind of quality was hard to top.

Someone had to think ahead and grab all this stuff when it was originally on the air, and it’s honestly impressive to look at in retrospect. The problem was, few people invested in this technology. And you might be wondering why.

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2004

The year that the Federal Communications Commission created a requirement for cable providers to offer FireWire to customers who wanted it. This was sold as a benefit largely for D-VHS owners, who could record direct digital signals from their cable boxes onto high-quality tapes with zero compression. In reality, it also turned out to be a perk for computer owners, who could turn their computers into makeshift DVRs—though this use case didn’t last, because many cable providers scrambled their broadcasts. AnandTech has one such example of this in action, involving a Mac Mini.

D theater player
On the surface, it looks like any old VHS. Inside, it was a beast. (via eBay)

Don’t make me think: The reasons D-VHS didn’t catch on feel simple in retrospect

For the past three decades, a specific dynamic has played out in content distribution: When it comes to physical media, less digital rights management is better. It’s a complicating factor, and makes it harder to use the devices we paid for by creating arbitrary limits.

Many turn-of-the-century disc-based formats, such as Super Audio CD, had restrictive copy protection, put in at the behest of content companies. These formats cropped up everywhere for a while. But they forced hardware manufacturers to lead with consumer-unfriendly messaging and confusing feature sets, and that was their downfall. Consumers immediately realized that digital formats like MP3s were far easier to use, and just ignored the format war entirely.

And that, in many ways, is the story of D-VHS. The complicated rules around the format’s digital rights management meant recording digital video, or even trying to choose the right player, was complex and time-consuming.

It’s largely forgotten today, but DVD players succeeded partly because of the quick demise of its DRM scheme, the Content Scrambling System. The process, called DeCSS, created legal headaches for years, and one that arguably gave birth to modern-day piracy. But it also made DVDs the go-to medium for physical film distribution in the computer era.

D-VHS, meanwhile, was one of the few ways to capture encrypted digital video without converting it to analog first. That meant, if you wanted to capture the live feed of a satellite signal, you had to use one of these machines. Making things worse: The video was difficult to convert to another format from that point because of content protection. It used High Definition Copy Protection (HDCP), the same copy-protection tech used by HDTVs, as well as a key part of the ubiquitous HDMI cable format.

Plus, the sheer size of the content was initially believed to limit any potential piracy concerns, as a piece in Wired suggested in 2001:

JVC introduced the new D-VHS tape at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) along with a high definition television (HDTV) set that protects high definition content from being copied. Video on D-VHS tapes is uncompressed, so it’s enormous. A 75GB hard disk would only hold around 30 minutes of the video, according to company officials, making the trading of HD content over the Internet impossible.

(To which I say, LOL, sure Jan. Someone didn’t consider that video compression was about to become an arms race.)

The format, which initially didn’t rely on pre-recorded media, eventually got its own D-Theater releases—which were the best you could do with an HDTV without using a set-top box or a digital tuner.

But even with the growing interest in theater-quality video, some studios were looking at D-Theater and thinking to themselves, “Wait, doesn’t this just undermine what we’re doing with DVDs?” That led some home video distributors, like Warner Home Entertainment and the Sony-backed Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, to ignore the market entirely. The latter’s then-president, Ben Feingold, suggested tape-based mediums were old hat.

“As far as we’re concerned, D-VHS is not a commercial product,” Feingold told Variety in 2002. “The enormous success of DVD leads us to believe, both intuitively and practically, that there’s a strong preference for a disc-based product.”

At the same time, though, you can clearly see the potential. This D-Theater demo tape, also captured by the aforementioned ENunn, looks pretty mind-blowing even now, despite the graphics looking somewhat dated. You can definitely feel the oomph of the video format in a way that even DVDs didn’t quite capture at the time.

Ironically, D-Theater created a flip of the situation that existed in the home video industry just a decade earlier: In the ’90s, the videophile format was LaserDisc and the consumer format was VHS. Now, D-Theater was trying to take over the LaserDisc market, while DVD was the VHS-like format of its time.

But D-VHS had many problems: Because it wasn’t a random-seek format, it didn’t come with the myriad of extra features you could get on a DVD or LaserDisc. For most of its history, it didn’t even support additional audio tracks. Given the importance of audio commentary as a selling point for movies and TV shows at retail, it sure feels like a missed opportunity.

Then there were compatibility issues that were pretty much of the manufacturer’s making. Despite JVC and Mitsubishi each making D-VHS players, the devices were often quite different, with wildly diverging feature sets that require you to have a ton of components before you can even get going. One review I found, dating to 2002, put it like this:

If you’re familiar with a regular ol’ VHS VCR, as almost everyone is by now, you’ll understand both the Mitsubishi HS-HD2000U and JVC HM-DH30000U right away. Both have silver faceplates and standard VCR controls on their front panels. Both come with mammoth remotes; the Mitsubishi remote has a small display at its top that tells you what you’re doing. There’s nothing about their ability to record HDTV that changes their basic VCR functions.

But there’s one big difference between these decks: The Mitsubishi HS-HD2000U costs $1049, the JVC HM-DH30000U $2000. Why? The JVC is equipped with an expensive MPEG encoder/decoder. The encoder can upconvert analog signals to digital so the unit can function as a digital archiver. The decoder provides for the JVC’s HD component analog output.

In addition, the JVC is equipped to play back prerecorded high-definition movies recorded using JVC’s new, proprietary D-Theater format, which includes robust copy protection. Last year, JVC quietly won agreement from the Motion Picture Association of America to market prerecorded movies protected with D-Theater. That infuriated Mitsubishi, which, like the rest of industry, regards VHS as an open standard, meaning that any tape playable on one VHS machine should be playable on all. Nonetheless, JVC won agreement from Fox, Universal, DreamWorks, and Artisan to begin releasing D-VHS, HD movies. The studios have announced that the first films to be released in this format will be Independence Day, Die Hard, X-Men, U-571, and the two Terminator films. As of press time, none were yet available, nor had pricing been established. But to play them, you’ll have to spend almost $1000 more and buy the JVC VCR. (JVC says a less expensive version will come out soon.)

Say what you will about DVD players, but they generally worked the same between iterations. A $200 player and a $2,000 player ultimately played the same movies. But JVC’s bet on DRM to win over the film studios saddled the format with complex cruft on top of the already complex cruft the format itself created.

And then there are more practical considerations: Netflix essentially disrupted traditional video rentals thanks largely to the mechanics of the postal system. Discs were cheap to ship; tapes, not as much. That obviously put D-VHS at a disadvantage from a rental standpoint.

DRM prevented unauthorized copying, but also added comical complexity to these tools. Hell, even figuring out how to pirate movies with BitTorrent was easier than working your way through the myriad options that D-VHS offered. Compared to formats that relied on hard drives or discs, this was just an unseemly mess. Given all that, it’s not really surprising that, when Blu-Ray hit the market in 2006, D-VHS was already something of a footnote as an entertainment format.

In retrospect, D-VHS was an enthusiast format that just couldn’t get it together.

“We have two trucks that we own. We built them and we own them. They were specially built. All of the equipment was specially designed. We’ve got our own server system. We’ve got integrated backup to D-VHS and HDCam. We’ve got duplicated systems internally so we won’t have a break down.”

— Mark Cuban, in a 2002 interview with Post Magazine about the creation of HDNet, his high-resolution cable channel, which aired programming in 1080i at a time when that was fairly uncommon. It’s forgotten now, but before he became a sports franchise owner and Shark Tank regular, he gained his fortune on streaming video. After selling Broadcast.com to Yahoo for billions of dollars, he created HDNet, which leaned hard into high-resolution video, often utilizing D-VHS tape to display on his 102-inch TV screen. “The hi-def screen spoils you,” Cuban told Wired that same year. “I can’t watch regular TV anymore. It just isn’t worth the effort.” The network exists today as AXS TV, which Cuban still maintains a stake in.

These days, content on VHS tapes can be found for cheap, reflecting the format’s one-time ubiquity. You can find them at any thrift store for pennies on the dollar, often of varying quality.

Drtwomendtheater
That feeling when the middling Robert Altman romantic comedy you forgot about resurfaces in a format you’ve never seen before.

But D-VHS remains a frustratingly expensive format to collect for. One look at eBay shows that 1080i-quality D-Theater videos sell for more than $50 a pop—despite the films themselves not exactly being obscurities. A $99 copy of Dr. T & The Women, a film that sells on Amazon for less than $7 in DVD format and $3 VHS format—and is freely available on Amazon Prime—just feels like a slap in the face. In many ways, when a film is that expensive just because of its format, it’s pretty much of its obscurity or technical aspects, rather than its quality.

(That’s especially true given that used players go for about $200 nowadays, with a premium on D-VHS devices that support D-Theater.)

To me, the most interesting part of D-VHS is that it technically still has value. If you want to record a digital video feed and not lose fidelity, it works—though DRM challenges and hardware complexities mean you might be better off using a DVR on your home server.

D-VHS represented a home theater fanatic’s greatest desire, a format that, in its time, worked better than anything else out there. But whether it was because it was on the bleeding edge, or because the underlying DRM girding the players, manufacturers forgot that regular people use this stuff, too. It left them in the dust in a way that regular VHS never did. Of course it failed.

Not to say Blu-Ray was the greatest format ever, but at least Sony was smart enough to shove it in a device the average person could understand, rather than making it so obtuse that nobody could figure it out.

There just aren’t that many people who want to record HDTV-quality commercials in 1080i.

--

Find this one an interesting read? Share it with a pal! And back at it in a couple of days.


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rosskarchner
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Failing upwards: the Twitter encrypted DM failure

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Almost two years ago, Twitter launched encrypted direct messages. I wrote about their technical implementation at the time, and to the best of my knowledge nothing has changed. The short story is that the actual encryption primitives used are entirely normal and fine - messages are encrypted using AES, and the AES keys are exchanged via NIST P-256 elliptic curve asymmetric keys. The asymmetric keys are each associated with a specific device or browser owned by a user, so when you send a message to someone you encrypt the AES key with all of their asymmetric keys and then each device or browser can decrypt the message again. As long as the keys are managed appropriately, this is infeasible to break.

But how do you know what a user's keys are? I also wrote about this last year - key distribution is a hard problem. In the Twitter DM case, you ask Twitter's server, and if Twitter wants to intercept your messages they replace your key. The documentation for the feature basically admits this - if people with guns showed up there, they could very much compromise the protection in such a way that all future messages you sent were readable. It's also impossible to prove that they're not already doing this without every user verifying that the public keys Twitter hands out to other users correspond to the private keys they hold, something that Twitter provides no mechanism to do.

This isn't the only weakness in the implementation. Twitter may not be able read the messages, but every encrypted DM is sent through exactly the same infrastructure as the unencrypted ones, so Twitter can see the time a message was sent, who it was sent to, and roughly how big it was. And because pictures and other attachments in Twitter DMs aren't sent in-line but are instead replaced with links, the implementation would encrypt the links but not the attachments - this is "solved" by simply blocking attachments in encrypted DMs. There's no forward secrecy - if a key is compromised it allows access to not only all new messages created with that key, but also all previous messages. If you log out of Twitter the keys are still stored by the browser, so if you can potentially be extracted and used to decrypt your communications. And there's no group chat support at all, which is more a functional restriction than a conceptual one.

To be fair, these are hard problems to solve! Signal solves all of them, but Signal is the product of a large number of highly skilled experts in cryptography, and even so it's taken years to achieve all of this. When Elon announced the launch of encrypted DMs he indicated that new features would be developed quickly - he's since publicly mentioned the feature a grand total of once, in which he mentioned further feature development that just didn't happen. None of the limitations mentioned in the documentation have been addressed in the 22 months since the feature was launched.

Why? Well, it turns out that the feature was developed by a total of two engineers, neither of whom is still employed at Twitter. The tech lead for the feature was Christopher Stanley, who was actually a SpaceX employee at the time. Since then he's ended up at DOGE, where he apparently set off alarms when attempting to install Starlink, and who today is apparently being appointed to the board of Fannie Mae, a government-backed mortgage company.

Anyway. Use Signal.

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rosskarchner
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Why I Stopped Selling Permissionless

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During COVID, I started working on a book called Permissionless.

It was born out of frustration—the kind that gnaws at you when you see how broken the systems are, how unnecessary the gatekeepers have become, how much red tape gets in the way of solving real problems.

The book was about taking the DIY ethos and applying it as a manifesto for problem-solving, social change, cutting through bureaucracy, pushing past institutional overreach. A manifesto for people who saw the world as something they could rebuild, rather than something they had to accept.

I self-published it this year. I was happy with the launch. It found its audience. People bought it, shared it, sent me messages saying it resonated.

You bought it.

Right here on Gumroad.

You supported me.

That meant a lot.

Recently, a publisher reached out. They wanted to release the book officially. Expand its reach. Give it legitimacy.

So I sat down to read it again.

And I realized I had to say no.

Not just say no—I had to delete the whole thing from my website. Remove it from Gumroad. Kill it completely. No matter how much money I was leaving on the table. No matter how many copies had already been sold.

Because the world had shifted under my feet.

Because Elon Musk and his acolytes—his billionaire cronies, his reactionary fanboys, the cult that believes burning everything down is the same thing as building something better—have twisted ideas like mine into weapons. They’ve taken concepts like regulatory bloat and institutional decay and rent-seeking and duplicitously turned them into blunt objects they’re currently using to destroy the world I love.

They don’t believe in permissionless the way folks like me meant it. They don’t want to create. They want to destroy. They want to gut expertise, dismantle institutions, break things just to watch them shatter, then call it innovation.

And I refuse to be useful to them in any way, shape or form.

There’s a version of Permissionless that exists in a better world—a world where breaking down barriers is about lifting people up, not tearing them down. A world where expertise isn’t the enemy, where knowledge isn’t discarded in favor of whoever yells the loudest. A world where being “permissionless” means solving problems, not creating chaos for the sake of it.

But that’s not the world we live in.

And I can’t pretend otherwise.

I believe in the ideas in my book. But I also believe in responsibility. I believe in knowing when something you create could do harm in the wrong hands. I believe in looking at a movement and asking, Who benefits? Who suffers? Who is using this, and for what?

And if the answer makes my stomach turn, I don’t get to look away.

I wrote Permissionless because I wanted to see a world where people took action instead of waiting for permission. But I won’t let my work become an excuse for dismantling what little stability we have left. I won’t let it be co-opted by people who see destruction as an end goal.

For now, the book is gone.

I want to write a new version. A better version. It might take weeks. It might months.

If you bought the book, please know - I love and appreciate you, and I do not regret writing and sharing it with you. And you’ll get the new version free, as soon as it’s ready.

But for now, I can’t keep putting it out there.

Don’t get me wrong. I stand by the premise. But I don’t stand with the people who are currently warping concepts like Permissionless to their own ends.

I refuse to be useful to people who could turn my work into something ugly.

🍕
My goal this year is to make Westenberg and my news site, The Index, my full-time job. The pendulum has swung pretty far back against progressive writers, particularly trans creators, but I'm not going anywhere.

I'm trying to write as much as I can to balance out a world on fire. Your subscription directly supports permissionless publishing and helps create a sustainable model for writing and journalism that answers to readers, not advertisers or gatekeepers.

Please consider signing up for a paid monthly or annual membership to support my writing and independent/sovereign publishing.
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rosskarchner
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'Bloody Saturday' at Voice of America and other U.S.-funded networks

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President Trump

Federal officials placed 1,300 employees at Voice of America on indefinite paid leave, while severing contracts with Radio Free Asia and other U.S.-funded networks.

(Image credit: Andrew Harnik)

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acdha
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“It took decades to build this goodwill and an audience of hundreds of millions every week. Seeing arsonists just set fire to it all is awful.”
Washington, DC
rosskarchner
19 days ago
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Note published on March 15, 2025 at 11:01 PM UTC

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rosskarchner
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The important thing about 18F

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The important thing about 18F is that it was a dream.

Last weekend, 18F, the office I worked for at the US General Services Administration, was eliminated. All 100 or so individuals on staff were fired at midnight (12:02 to be precise) Saturday morning.

18F was a place where people worked. Those people helped other people do their work better. Sometimes they helped large groups of people save money. Some of those people worked to help small groups of people with impossible or herculean jobs. But the important thing about 18F is that it was a dream.

Often, 18F helped people focus on outcomes when the system wanted them to focus on check boxes. (It was also a place to learn that sometimes you have to find a way to do both.) 18F was a place that made a positive difference in how people in the federal government delivered to the public. But the important thing about 18F is that it was a dream.

The people who worked there had the courage to believe in the beauty of the dream. Their customers did too. So did their peers. And so did the giants on whose shoulders 18F stood. Dreams only work if people believe in them. So, the important thing about 18F is that it was a dream.

The future will not belong to the cynics. The future will belong to those who have passion and are willing to work hard to make our country better. The future will belong to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.

— Sen. Paul Wellstone

Apologies to Margaret Wise Brown.

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rosskarchner
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